Business and Economics Essay - 275 Words

Business and Economics (Essay Sample) Content: Business and EconomicsName:Institution: Many companies today are evolving and coming up with different management techniques. Different companies come up with different decisions all in the aim of succeeding and earning profits. There are different types companies but in this case, we major on two companies that are a service company and manufacturing company. The yellow corporation company is an example of a service company. Its headquarters are in Overland park and it has one of the largest, less than truckload and most comprehensive networks in North America with local, regional, national and international capabilities (Yellow Corporation, 2014). The company has leading expertise in heavy weight shipments and flexible supply chain solutions; thus, ensuring clients are able ship industrial, retail and commercial goods with confidence. The yellow corporation is also involved in charity works as it supports Christinas smile children dental clinic and Heart to Heart i nternational and many others (Yellow Corporation, 2014). General electric company is a manufacturing company its location in Africa continent in Algeria (General Electric Company, 2014). This company has brought about development in Algeria in that it has led to improvement of infrastructure; it has made communication easier between the countries it works with and more so it spends 7.2 Million each year in its activities (General Electric Company, 2014). This company has brought a lot of fortune in Algeria, and this has contributed to its development. Yellow corporationGeneral electric companyService industryManufacturing industryexpertise in heavy weight shipments and flexible supply chain solutionsDeals with electricityHas activities in North AmericaHas activities in Algeria Operational management decisions are made in the company, which are concerned with designing, overseeing and controlling the process of introduction and redesigning of business operations in the pr oduction process It ensures efficiency in business operation in order to meet customers requirement. It is concerned with the process that converts raw materials that is inputs to final good...

What Is Nonrepresentational Art

Nonrepresentational art is often used as another way to refer to abstract art, but there is a distinct difference between the two. Fundamentally, nonrepresentational art is work that does  not represent or depict a being, place, or thing. If representational art is a picture of something, for instance, nonrepresentational art is the complete opposite: Rather than directly portray something recognizable, the artist will use form, shape, color, and line—essential elements in visual art—to express emotion, feeling, or some other concept. Its also called complete abstraction or nonfigurative art.  Nonobjective art is related and often viewed as a subcategory of nonrepresentational art. Nonrepresentational Art Versus Abstraction The terms nonrepresentational art and abstract art are often used to refer to the same style of painting. However, when an artist works in abstraction, they are distorting the view of a known thing, person, or place. For example, a landscape can easily be abstracted, and Picasso often abstracted people and instruments. Nonrepresentational art, on the other hand, does not begin with a thing or subject from which a distinctive abstract view is formed. Instead, it is nothing but what the artist intended it to be and what the viewer interprets it as. It could be splashes of paint as we see in Jackson Pollocks work. It may also be the color-blocked squares that are frequent in Mark Rothkos paintings. The Meaning Is Subjective The beauty of nonrepresentational work is that it is up to us to give it meaning through our  own interpretation. Sure, if you look at the title of some piece of art you may get a glimpse into what the artist meant, but quite often thats just as obscure as the painting itself. It is quite the opposite of looking at a still life of a teapot and knowing that it is a teapot. Similarly, an abstract artist may use a Cubist approach to break down the geometry of the teapot, but you may still be able to see a teapot. If a nonrepresentational artist, on the other hand, was thinking of a teapot while painting a canvas, youd never know it. While this subjective point of view to nonrepresentational art offers freedom of interpretation to the viewer, it is also what bothers some people about the style. They want the art to be about something, so when they see seemingly random lines or perfectly shaded geometric shapes, it challenges what theyre used to. Examples of Nonrepresentational Art Dutch painter Piet Mondrian (1872–1944) is a perfect example of a nonrepresentational artist, and most people look to his work when defining this style. Mondrian labeled his work as neoplasticism, and he was a leader in De Stijl, a distinct Dutch complete abstraction movement. Mondrians work, such as Tableau I (1921), is flat; it is often a canvas filled with rectangles painted in primary colors and separated by thick, amazingly straight black lines. On the surface, it has no rhyme or reason, but it is captivating and inspiring nonetheless. The appeal is in the structural perfection combined with the asymmetrical balance, creating a juxtaposition of simple complexity. Confusion With Nonrepresentational Art Heres where the confusion with abstract and nonrepresentational art really comes into play: Many artists in the Abstract Expressionist movement were technically not painting abstracts. They were, in fact, painting nonrepresentational art. If you look through the work of Jackson Pollock (1912–1956), Mark Rothko (1903–1970), and Frank Stella (b. 1936), you will see shapes, lines, and colors, but no defined subjects. There are times in Pollocks work in which your eye grabs onto something, though thats simply your interpretation. Stella has some works that are indeed abstractions, yet most are nonrepresentational. These abstract expressionist painters are often not depicting anything; they are composing with no preconceived notions of the natural world. Compare their work to Paul Klee (1879–1940) or Joan Mirà ³ (1893–1983) and you will see the difference between abstraction and nonrepresentational art.

Characteristics Of Greek Mythology - 821 Words

The Ancient Greeks were known for believing in gods and goddesses, but they created these beings to be feared and related to. The Greeks used Mythology to better understand the world around them, but a few of the stories were purely for entertainment. Mythology was created by those who disliked the irrational, but loved facts. These mythologies consisted of the gods and goddesses encountering struggles, love, pain, and almost any human interaction. The Ancient Greeks applied the stories to overcome similar struggles in their own lives. Although these mythological deities were respected, they were not viewed as religious gods. Every god or goddess has a time to shine, but some had a bit more air time than others. Zeus is arguably the most†¦show more content†¦The theoretical absence of Zeus shows how different the Greek mythologies would be without this powerful god. Zeus appears in countless Greek mythologies, but an exceptionally important one involves Zeus’ father, Cronus. Cronus heard that one of his children were going to dethrone them when they grew up. Cronus response was to swallow all five of Zeus’ older siblings, including Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. Zeus’s mother, Rhea, wanted to protect her youngest child from being swallowed, so she devised a plan to save baby Zeus. Rhea disguised a stone as a child by wrapping it in swaddling clothes and feeding it to Cronus. Without a second thought, Cronus swallowed the fake, and Zeus was safely taken to the island of Crete where he was raised. When Zeus was fully grown he returned to challenge his father. First, he induced Cronus to throw up his five siblings, and then Zeus, his siblings, the cyclopes, and the hundred-handers started a ten-year battle that eventually overthrew Cronus. Zeus punished his father and the rebellious Titans by confining them to prison in Tartarus. This victory put Zeus in the position of king of the gods, and he chose to split divide up th e universe amongst his brothers. Olympus stayed common property, Poseidon got the sea, Hades had the underworld, and Zeus received the heavens. Although this was not the last of Zeus’ struggles, it did drastically impact his life by giving him considerable influence in theShow MoreRelatedGreek Mythology : The Origin Of The Stars And Sky1528 Words   |  7 PagesGreek mythology was very important in many cultures throughout the world and was utilized to clarify the earth and its circumstances in which mankind lived, the normal wonders they identified and how constellations explained the why the movement of the stars and sky were important in the lives of the Greeks. Greek mythology contained information about the livelihood of these gods and goddesses, humankind after death and simply how to live a joyous life. The geography of Greece also shaped Greek mythologyRead MoreSpongebob Square Pants has Many Attributes of the Greek Gods Essay872 Words   |  4 Pagesnot taking anyt hing seriously, the characters are made of substance and real human attributes. Characteristics like greed, power, and deception are all recognizable in Greek gods from ancient mythology as well as in Mr. Krabs, King Neptune, and Plankton. Greek gods and the characters of SpongeBob, as unlikely as this may seem, are similar because each person is represented by one core characteristic. The gods Triton, Hades, Koalemos, Poseidon, and Midas would make the perfect dream team for theRead MoreComparing Roman And Greek Mythology1354 Words   |  6 Pages Roman Vs. Greek Mythology Roman and Greek mythology are full of complexities. Much of Greek and Roman everyday life revolved around these myths. 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In fact, it shows a window into the ancient past, a view of a world that existed not onlyRead MoreEssay about Greek and Roman Mythology1513 Words   |  7 PagesGreek and Roman mythology is well know. The people of that time period were passionate about the gods and did everything in their power to please them. Like most religions the goal is be like one of the gods in order to achieve good fortune or to gain everlasting life. One of the most interesting characteristics about the Greek and Roman Gods is how the gods are not perfect in that they make the same mistakes that the average human would make. These characteristics were put into place to allow ancientRead MoreGreek Mythology Vs Roman Mythology1256 Words   |  6 Pages Greek vs. Roman Mythology The line separating Greek and Roman mythology may seem very fine, but there are actually a few distinct differences between the two. For example, the Greeks and Romans both presented many of their stories orally, however, the Greeks were the first people to begin writing them down. Greek mythology is superior as it puts more emphasis on the role of mortals, the appearance of gods is more relevant, and its origin is more interesting as it was original and came before theRead MoreThe Myths Of Ancient Egypt And The Near East1554 Words   |  7 PagesMyths derived from Greece, Egypt and the Near East pose as a reflection of each of their respective cultures. The diverse eccentrics from the Greek, Egyptian and Near Eastern myths were all described with characteristics and actions that would reflect their respective cultures. Myths include the mythologies from ancient Egypt, the Near East the Greeks. In Greek culture, a reflection of the quo s of society can be seen in the heroes of their myths. Ian Plant in Myth in the Ancient World 2012 Pg.Read MoreGreek Mythology and Its Effects on Civilization803 Words   |  4 PagesGreek religion encompasses the collection of beliefs and rituals practiced in ancient Greece in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices. Many Greeks recognized the major gods and goddesses, such as Zeus, Poseidon, Hades and many others through philosophies such as Stoicism. The religious practices of the Greeks extended beyond mainland Greece to the islands and costs of Ionia in Asia Minor to Sicily and southern Italy, and scattered Greek colonies in the Western MediterraneanRead MoreGreek And Roman Painting And Floor Mosaic Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesAs a student in ARH 270: Introduction to Ancient Art in Greek and Roman Mural Painting and Floor Mosaic, I have developed a greater understanding of art in the ancient Mediterranean worl d, in regards to ancient Rome and Greece. 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Statistical Methods and Data Analysis †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Methods and Data Analysis. Answer: Introduction This section of the paper concentrates on the construction of a report that looks to define the process of data analysis and one of type of data analysis known as data mining. This section explains the process of data analysis and data mining and then discuses about the role of data mining in a contemporary organization (Aggarwal Reddy 2013). The paper even discuses about the recognition and explanation of ethical implications that requires to take place in order to gather, store and utilize the customer information for the process of data analysis. The process of data analysis is a vital tool for the development of an organization with respect to the information that are collected from the customers. Data analysis technique and software are severely used for the classification of the information that are obtained by the companies and thereby identifying the proclivities regarding the consumers and establish a sense of bonding. Gandomi Haider (2015) describes data mining as a type of data analysis technique that looks to discover the information that was hidden from the previous information by analysing the huge database. This process is undertaken in order to exploit the hidden data in an appropriate manner and thereby enhance the knowledge of the contemporary firm. Data mining is found to be the primary step for the revealing of the methods and gathering the information. The combination of data mining with the extraction of the data tries to enhance the understanding that web data or web-mining is the actual process of data mining and this process is along with the other processes are helpful in automatically discover and the obtain the data from the documents and the online services (Lin et al., 2013). This explanation of data mining is the most appropriate one for the concerned paper. Data mining functions by abiding by the ethical codes and the code of conducts and therefore limits the entry of any fr audulent activities thereby safeguarding the confidential information of the consumers. The safeguarding of the information maintains harmony within the society. The main objective of data mining other than extracting the information is protection of the information and the authoritarian standards that are established so that with the help of these standards, the firm can perform their practices as they are confident that the data that they are making use of safe from being stolen. Therefore it can be seen that with the implementation of data mining, the data collected are safe as the main function of data mining involves protection of the data. Role of Data Mining The initiation of the use of the online and web services leads to the extensive use of the customer information as the information that are given out by the consumers are collected by the companies and are stored and recorded as the these information can be used by the firms for future use and to have knowledge about the consumers in an efficient way. The use of data mining is helpful for the companies to understand the future trends that the consumers may have. The customers have knowledge that the information they provide to the organizations will be utilized by them and they have no issues with the utilization of the information unless the information are used for wrong purposes (Roiger 2017). The consumers do not wish their private information to be revealed by the organizations and therefore they try to share only the general information as much as possible. Therefore, the process of data mining is vital as it this technique has the ability to segregate the private information f rom the general one and then the companies can store the personal information in their core database so that these information are not leaked (Agarwal Dhar 2014). There are numerous reasons why the process of data mining is significant. With the advent of time, the benefits of data mining are understood by the organizations. Zaki et al., (2014) describes that with the use of this system, the confidential matters can be erased from the marketing suggestions and then the data permits the role of information sharing. The process of data mining take place in collaboration with the contemporary firm tries to exploit information about the desires that are demanded by the consumers. Data mining have mainly been used for the purpose of national security, and tracking of unscrupulous activities. However, recently the organizations have started using this method as it aids in discovering the products and services that are faulty. Larose (2014) even explains that the process data mining is influential for undertaking any researches and this technique helps the firms in understanding the expectations of the consumers from the organizations so that the com panies can live up to the expectations of the customers and change their strategies to satisfy them. The data mining technique is vital for the purpose of estimating the consumer patterns that will be available in the future and therefore the firms can initiate decisions that are knowledge based (Silverman 2016) . The process of data mining helps in answering the questions that arises in the minds of the companies and thereby rectifying the available issues. Data mining equipments buff up data bases for the hidden patterns and reveal the relevant information that may be overlooked by the researchers while completing their research (Miles et al., 2013). The mechanism of data mining consists of four aspects namely cite the data into the granary system; manage the database, examination of the data and accessibility of the information to the business researchers. Therefore, it can be said that data mining is a vital tool for statistical analysis. Explanation and Identification of Ethical Implication The investigation of the data mining ethics is important before the research starts. The ethical codes that are prepared by the organization regarding the ethical implication is based on the community and the culture that is prevalent in the concerned country. The ethical standards become the beliefs of the society and an idea about what is right and wrong can be determined (Ritchie et al., 2013). The ethical and unethical aspects are then properly understood by the firms with ease. The aspect of culture plays a vital role for the construction of the ethics that can be implemented by the organizations. Ott Longnecker (2015) describes ethics as the set of values that builds the behaviour of the individuals and the firms. One of the most significant ethical responsibilities of a company involves the looking after the sentiments of the customers and rectifying the discrepancies that are discovered in the obtained data. The implementation of ethics creates a strong bonding between the stakeholder and the company. The use of these codes creates a positive impact on the mind of the management if the firm (McKenzie et al., 2016). A harmonic work culture leads to better output from the firm. The ethical codes are created in order to satisfy the anxiety of the consumers regarding the originality of the ethics that are introduced by the management for undertaking decisions and therefore reveal that the organization is concerned about safeguarding the personal information and thereby gaining customer loyalty (Neuman 2016). The organization even concentrates on the fact of analyzing the ethical codes to construct data miner ethics. The implication of ethics leads to the constructions of strategies that have better confidence from the viewpoint of the data miners. The implication of ethics discovers the truthfulness of the data as the availability of any fraudulent information can injure the consumers lifestyle (Salazar et al., 2015). The information that are gathered by the industries are essential to be true and fair and thereby effective decisions can be taken by the management so that effective and comprehensive services can be given out by the firm according to the desires of the consumers (Garner Scott 2013). With respect to the accessibility of the data, it is seen that ethics play a vital role as the word of ethics helps preserving the information about the consumers (Bazeley 2013). The consumers are reluctant about sharing their information to others except the ones they share. The consumers share their information with the faith that their data will not be leaked to others for any fraudulent activities (Lewis 2015). The ethical implication within the firm restricts these activities as it creates an obligation to the employees and the management to safeguard the information of the consumers from being leaked out. Therefore the employees safeguard the information and the information can only used by the researchers and no else can access the central database (Carrington et al., 2014). Therefore the use of ethical implication leads to confidence among the consumers and they gain the assurance to share their original information to the organization, which in turn will give the firms with original results that can be used by the firm to obtain the accurate result for decision making. Conclusion The analysis of the paper reveals that data analysis and data mining is an important tool for the researchers in order to give out the best results that can improve the performance of the firm and can even up lift the life if the consumers. The role of data mining is discussed thereby understanding the need for data mining in modern companies. The next section deals with the ethical implications regarding the gathering, exploiting and storing the data as the use of ethics creates a good relationship among the consumers and the organizations and gains confidence among the consumers that their information is safe thereby influencing them to reveal the correct information that leads to appropriate results from the firms that would help them in decision making. Reference List Agarwal, R., Dhar, V. (2014). EditorialBig data, data science, and analytics: The opportunity and challenge for IS research. Aggarwal, C. C., Reddy, C. K. (Eds.). (2013).Data clustering: algorithms and applications. Chapman and Hall/CRC. Bazeley, P. (2013).Qualitative data analysis: Practical strategies. Sage. Carrington, M. J., Neville, B. A., Whitwell, G. J. (2014). Lost in translation: Exploring the ethical consumer intentionbehavior gap.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2759-2767. Gandomi, A., Haider, M. (2015). Beyond the hype: Big data concepts, methods, and analytics.International Journal of Information Management,35(2), 137-144. Garner, R., Scott, G. M. (2013).Doing qualitative research: designs, methods, and techniques. Pearson Education. Larose, D. T. (2014).Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley Sons. Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice, 1524839915580941. Lin, T. Y., Yao, Y. Y., Zadeh, L. A. (Eds.). (2013).Data mining, rough sets and granular computing(Vol. 95). Physica. McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., Thackeray, R. (2016).Planning, implementing evaluating health promotion programs: A primer. Pearson. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2013).Qualitative data analysis. Sage. Neuman, W. L. (2016).Understanding research. Pearson. Ott, R. L., Longnecker, M. T. (2015).An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis. Nelson Education. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C. M., Ormston, R. (Eds.). (2013).Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage. Roiger, R. J. (2017).Data mining: A tutorial-based primer. CRC Press. Salazar, L. F., Crosby, R. A., DiClemente, R. J. (2015).Research methods in health promotion. John Wiley Sons. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016).Qualitative research. Sage. Zaki, M. J., MeiraJr, W., Meira, W. (2014).Data mining and analysis: fundamental concepts and algorithms. Cambridge University Press.

Life of Olaudah Equiano free essay sample

Aloud Equation was born in 1 745, in now what is known as Nigeria, but back then was known as the region inhabited by the Gobo people. He was one of 7 children, the youngest of 6 boys, and he also had one younger sister. Source 1, Quinoas autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Aloud Equation or Gustavo Vass the African, which tells the story of how he was kidnapped at a young age, possibly 1 1, from the Gobo village of Essay in the region of Benign, where he had grown up.From here he endured the Middle Passage to the New World, where he was forced to into slave labor. This Ewing said, some writers, however, claim that Equation was born in colonial South Carolina and not in Africa. Source 2, is a map that shows the route of Quinoas many travels throughout his long career that was said to be 8 years, at sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Life of Olaudah Equiano or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It clearly demonstrates that he was unusually well-traveled for his time. He stated in his autobiography that he was passed from owner to owner in Africa, and was eventually sold to a slaver bound for Barbados.Here he was reconditioned, after experiencing the traumatic experience of the Middle Passage. He was then purchased to work as a slave on a plantation in Virginia, where conditions tended to be much more humane than in the sugar colonies. This was said to be the first of several fortunate turns of fate. Equation was first renamed Gustavo Vass by his English master Mr. Campbell, however within a year; he had been sold again and was now in the hands of a British Naval officer, Michael Henry Pascal. Source 2, a map of Quinoas travels, As Equation traveled with Pascal to England, he found himself in a situation that would give him the ability to become educated in the seafaring life and gain other valuable life skills. In his autobiography, he called that as well as learning the basics of seamanship from Pascal, l had long wished to read and write and for this purpose took every opportunity to gain instruction. Both of these endeavourers, proved to serve him very well. Hence sources 1 and 2 show, Equation served Pascal and, though still s slave, attainted the rating of able seaman.He voyaged to many places such as Italy, Greece, and points east. He was also present at major naval battles during the seven years (French and Indian) war. When the war concluded in 1762, he was sold again, this time to a slave trader bound for the West Indies. This is where Equation carried out his new masters business (which including selling slaves), while managing to buy and sell trade goods for his own account. While Equation himself was treated fairly well, he could not help but take in the terrible mistreatment of the slaves in this region. It was very common in several of the islands For slaves to be branded with the initial letters of their masters name, and a load of heavy iron hooks hung about their necks. Indeed on the most trifling occasions they were loaded with chains, and often instruments of torture were added, he wrote. L have seen a negro beaten till some Of his bones were broken for even letting a pot boil over. Equation earned 40 pounds from his private business ventures and, in 1766 was then was able to purchase his freedom.He returned to London and learned a new trade that of a hairdresser. Not long after, he decided that going to sea would be a more lucrative, if more dangerous, profession. During the next part of his life, Equation would add to his considerable seafaring resume. In 1733 he signed on with British expedition of Captain Constantine Phipps to earache for a northeast passage through the Arctic Ocean, recalling years later that l was roused by the sound of fame to seek new adventure, and to find towards the North Pole, what our Creator never intended we should, a passage to India. In the Arctic, Equation reported that we saw many very high and curious mountains of ice; and also a great number of very large whales, which used to come close to our ship and blow the water up to a v ery great height in the air. Quinoas final trading voyage, to Jamaica was in 1777, following this he returned to London to stay. By this time anti slavery managing were strengthening and he chose to devote his considerable energies to that cause.Equation became a major voice for abolishing both the transatlantic trade and chattel slavery wherever it existed. Not long after he wrote Surely this traffic cannot be good, which spreads like a pestilence, and ATA nuts what it touches! Which violates that first natural right of mankind, equality and independence, and gives one man dominion over his fellow which God could never intend! Quinoas autobiography received 9 printing editions, before his death that occurred in 1797.

Sustaining effective staff training and development in the workplace The WritePass Journal

Sustaining effective staff training and development in the workplace I Introduction Sustaining effective staff training and development in the workplace CIPD in EWCO (2009). ‘Impact of recession on workplace training’. Available from: eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2009/09/UK0909039I.htm. Last Accessed on 13th Dec. 2012 3.Deal, T.E., Kennedy, A.A., (1982) :Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books 4.Garrison, D.R., Anderson, T., (2003) :E-Learning in the 21st Century, RoutledgeFalmer, Taylor Francis Group Hall, D. T., Moss, J. E. (1998). ‘The new protean career contract: Helping organizations and employees adapt’.Organizational Dynamics, 26, 22–37. Herzberg, F. (1966) :Work and the Nature of Man, Staples Press Holbeche, L. (2006), Understanding Change: Theory, Implementation and Success, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Hung, H. Wong Y. (2007), The relationship between employer endorsement of continuing education and training and work and study performance’: A Hong Kong case study. International Journal of Training Development, 11, 4, pp. 295-313. Irving, P. G., and Meyer, J. P. (1999). ‘On Using Residual Difference Scores in the Measurement of Congruence: The Case of Met Expectation Research. A Longitudinal Analysis’, Personnel Psychology, 52(1), pp. 85-95. Jerling K. (1996). Education, Training, and Development in Organisation. Pearson: South Africa Keeney, M. J., Svyantek, D. J. (2000). ‘A review of psychological contract theory and research: Promise nothing and they still may get angry’. Current Trends in Management, 5, 65–94. Kimberly, W. 2009, Value Initiatives Improving Performance in the Workplace. NY:GRIN Verlag 9.Lamb, R., (1984) Competitive Strategic Management, Prentice Hall 10.Lambin, J.J., (2000) Market-Driven Management: Strategic Operational Marketing, MacMillan Business Landale A. (1999). Gower handbook of training and development. 3rd ed., Gower Publishing: UK 11.Maslow, A.H. (1943), ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, Vol. 50 No. 4, pp. 370 396. 12.McConnell, C. R. 2004, Managing Employee Performance, Health Care Manager, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 273, Supplemental Index. 13.Pedler, M., Burgoyne, J., Boydell, T., (2003) A Manager’s Guide to Leadership, McGraw-Hill Phillips, J.J., Pulliam Phillips, P., (2002) Retaining Your Best Employees: In Action Case Study Series, American Society for Training and Development Rabey, G., (2003) The Paradox of Teamwork, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 158 – 162 Robinson, S. L. (1996). ‘Trust and breach of the psychological contract’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41:574–599. Robinson, S. L., Morrison, E.W. (1995a). ‘Psychological contracts and OCB: The effect of unfulfilled obligations on civic virtue behavior’. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16: 289–298 Roughton, J. Mercurio, J. 2002, Developing an effective safety culture: A Leadership Approach. NY: Butterworth-Heinemann 17.Schein, E.H. (2004): Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass 18.Thompson, J.L., Martin, F., (2005) Strategic Management: Awareness and Change, 5th Edition, Thomson Learning 19.Smith, M. K., (2001) ‘Peter Senge and the learning organisation’, the encyclopaedia of informal education, available online at www.infed.org/thinkers/senge.htm Turnley, W. H., Feldman, D. C. (1999a). ‘The impact of psychological contract violations on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect’. Human Relations, 52, 895–922. Van den Bossche, P., Segers, M., Jansen, N., (2010) Transfer of Training: The Role of Feedback in Supportive Social Networks, International Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 14, Iss. 2, pp. 81 – 94 van Dam, N. (2002). E-learning by design: Can a better-designed course help you learn more? e-learning. 3(1), 38-39. Venkatesh, V. and Goyal, S.(2010). ‘Expectation Disconfirmation and Technology Adoption: Polynomial Modeling and Response Surface Analysis,’MIS Quarterly 34, (2), 281-303 Vroom, V.H. (1964), Work and Motivation, John Wiley Sustaining effective staff training and development in the workplace Introduction Sustaining effective staff training and development in the workplace IntroductionPsychological contract theoryExpectancy disconfirmation theoryConclusionReferencesRelated Introduction Having effective employees is instrumental to the success of any business organisation. This is the case because of the high employee turnover rates and high unemployment rates evident in most countries. Since the 2008 recession in the U.S, other countries of the world have experienced the ripple effects as the world largest economy struggles to recover. The European nations have suffered under the current debt crisis that has shrunk economies in Europe. Other countries in African and Asia have also felt the impact, as their economies are most dependent on both the U.S and European markets for trade. The subject of having effective employees has therefore, gained relevance as employers look for ways to sustain their workers. In an effort to keep their most important asset, organisations are heavily involved in the training and development of employees (Hung Hing 2007). Training and development has been a tool used by organisations to mitigate the risks of losing employee to other or ganisations. It has also been used to groom future leaders of the company, as well as assist organisations in saving time and money. This paper shall discuss two theories that discuss employer support and training, as well as the impacts of employee performance in relation to training and development of employees. Humphry Hung and Yiu Wong have come up with two theories that discuss the relationship between the employer and the workers when it comes to training, continuing education and work study performance. The theories were introduced because of a case study of Hong Kong students who were in school and worked at the same time. The authors then came up with the theories to help explain the student or employee’s performance in relations to their employees and employer relationship. The first theory was the psychological contract theory while the second one was the expectancy disconfirmation theory. The researchers realised the need for employees to have an education so that they are able to move up the ladder as far as the work force is concerned. The researchers used the employee and employer relations as the subject of research, and came up with a model to explain how training and development can be effectively used in the workplace (Hung Hing 2007). Psychological contract theory According to the psychological theory, the employer and the employee have a set of beliefs, promises and obligations that go beyond the formal contract between the two. In other words, once an employer hires an employee, the employee has to abide by certain rules while the employer is obligated to behave professionally. This means that the employees expect to exchange their loyalty and productivity for wages and other forms of compensation (Kimberly 2009). In the psychological contract, there are two kinds of contents, transactional and relational. Transactional content involves measurable economic exchanges between the two parties. For instance, an employee works 40 hours a week for a paycheck at the end of the week. Relational contents are based on trust and long-term relationships. In such a case, an employee can delegate a certain role to the employee based on trust (McConnell 2004). In the study, three principles came emerged. First, there is interaction at an individual level, mutual relationship between the two parties and finally tactical exchanges. Most people believe that the relationship between the employee and the employer is based on personal ties because the employer is an embodiment of the organisation, and the experience of their interaction dictates the success of an organisation (Hung Hing 2007). On the other hand, some believe that there has to be a mutual relationship between the employer and the employee for organisations to succeed. The mutual obligation is based on the belief that the employer is obliged to the employee in return for a commitment. Finally, the tactical exchanges occur between the workers in which case the employee insists on a mental connection between the two parties (Kimberly 2009). The significance of the psychological contract theory is that it attempts to explain the employee’s behavior in regards to how he is treated by the employer. In other words, the employee relationship to the employer is imperative to matters regarding how employees react when subjected to training by organisations. The development of the employee dictates the performance of the employee in the continuing work-study. The research found that students who had a good working relationship with their employer performed well in their training and education compared to those who had a bad relationship (Hung Hing 2007). Expectancy disconfirmation theory The expectancy disconfirmation theory is similar to that of consumer dissonance. Only that in this case, it deals with the employee, as opposed to the consumer. The theory was brought about from the comparison of a worker and a consumer when dealing with their products. An employee is believed to have positively disconfirmed their role in the organisation when their perceived performance exceeds their expected performance (Roughton Mercurio 2002). The opposite is true and referred to as negative disconfirmation. Negative disconfirmation occurs when an employee believes that their expectations exceed their perceived performance. The expectancy theory was a catalyst to the employee’s job satisfaction and was believed to be a key element in explaining employees moral. Employees that surpassed their expectations felt more satisfied with their role and were more motivated compared to their counterparts who experienced negative disconfirmation. The subject was also duplicated in tr aining of the workers and played a major role in the development of employees in the organisation (Hung Hing 2007). Employee evaluation was also a subject of discussion in regards to employee training and development. Managers who engaged in employee appraisals realised good results as compared to those who did not carry out employee evaluations. Employee evaluation is a tool that if used efficiently can yield positive results on employees especially when it comes to training (Roughton Mercurio 2002). Evaluations are a tool used by management to give their workers a sense of directions in relation to the company’s goals. During evaluations, the managers usually explain the organisations goals and try to align them with the employee’s goals. This way, the employer and the employee are in a win-win situation. A constant feedback or communication with the employees also makes them feel valued and helps them know what the organisation expects of them. Well-executed performance evaluations have been used to not only sustain efficient employees but also groom future leaders. Evaluation sc hedules usually assist employees to become more efficient in the organisation (McConnell 2004). Conclusion In essence, employee’s behavior and performance at work depends on the relationship with the employer. Workers feel valued when other roles are delegated to them because it gives the perception that their employers trust them. In addition, perception and expected performance also plays a huge role in satisfying a worker’s performance. Workers feel more satisfied when they exceed their expectations at work. Finally, evaluations have to be conducted at work because employees need to have feedback on their impact to their company. Employees who get a feedback usually work hard to achieve their organisational goals. References Hung, H. Yiu Hing, W. 2007, The relationship between employer endorsement of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   continuing education and training and work and study performance: a Hong Kong  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   case study. International Journal of Training Development, 11, 4, pp. 295-313. Kimberly, W. 2009, Value Initiatives Improving Performance in the Workplace. NY:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GRIN Verlag McConnell, C. R. 2004, Managing Employee Performance, Health Care Manager, 23,    3, p. 273, Supplemental Index. Roughton, J. Mercurio, J. 2002, Developing an Effective Safety Culture: A Leadership   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Approach. NY: Butterworth-Heinemann

Earning management and cookie jar Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Earning management and cookie jar - Coursework Example There are various business ethics as well as rules and regulations, which are compulsorily to be followed by every business organization. Many of these rules aim to protect the interest of the customers. Any trade practice that is against the ethics, will lead to legal proceedings and penalties. As per the various sections under the Consumer Protection Act, these entities can be punished if they breach any laws and bring harm to the customers. Earnings management can be defined as â€Å"a purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process, with the intent of obtaining some private gain†. (Earnings Management Incentive and Techniques, n.d) Instead of doing business in a proper and sincere way, sometimes the management team may be forced to carry out business illegally due to various reasons. This is due to the fact that human beings are always keen on finding shortcuts for every task and, therefore, they always prefer these types of extreme earning management techniques. The common extra earning techniques followed are â€Å"cookie jar reserve technique, big bath techniques, big bet on the future technique, flushing,† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d) stuffing the channel etc. In cookie jar reserve, the accounting rule GAAP is not followed properly. Here the profits made in the current year are used to cover for losses made in some other year, in order to ensure the profitability of the firm by meeting its margin. Big bath is used by companies when stiff competition arises, the company will plan on â€Å"restructuring† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d.) the existing system and policies. Then, instead of recording the cost of such changes made in the organization, this loss is â€Å"reported as a non-recurring charge against income† (Popular Earning Management Techniques, n.d.). This is done for the purpose of maintaining the market