Ptsd The Soldier s Curse - 1301 Words

PTSD: The Soldier’s Curse Since time immemorial, war has been the primitive inception of tragedy. The act of throwing a rifle into the hands of a young man who still maintains his moral constitution and demanding him to commit atrocious acts can scar the consciences of even the most battle hardened of veterans. By the same token, it is said that war has a way of dragging the most civilized of men back into a primal state of mind that compels them to commit morally damaging acts. Even more so, some men carry those moral injuries back home with them in the form of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Nevertheless, if someone is truly eager to comprehend Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, it is absolutely essential that they understand its history,†¦show more content†¦After the American Civil War, a model for physical injury was readily used to help potentially explain the common symptoms of these combat veterans. United States doctor, Jacob Mendez Da Costa, had studied the most common heart problem found amo ng veterans commonly known as Soldier’s Heart (Friedman 5). Dr. Mendez described the troubled breathing, anxiety and rapid heart rate as an overstimulation of the heart’s nervous system (Friedman 5). This diagnosis was later dubbed Da Costa’s Syndrome. Later on during World War I, soldiers around exploding artillery shells often experienced cases of anxiety and sleeplessness. The term Shell Shocked came into fruition to describe these recognizable symptoms (Friedman 7). After studying Vietnam veterans, Holocaust survivors, sexual abuse victims and other cases of troubled souls who have experienced traumatic events, the American Psychiatric Association recognized PTSD as a mental disorder in 1950 (Friedman 11). This inevitably paved the way for even more meticulous research into the disease. Statistically, in regards to the Vietnam War, studies have shown that an estimated 30% of veterans --such as the old man from Facing It-- that have been exposed to the horrors of combat, have been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Gradus 5). Furthermore, it is estimated that nearly 11 to 20% of combat veterans of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, which began in the early 2000’s, have beenShow MoreRelatedWar, Deadly Force, And The Bible1876 Words   |  8 Pages In Todd Wagner’s essay on â€Å"War, Deadly Force, and the Bible.† he discusses how to help soldiers called to war to God’s commandment, â€Å"Thou shalt not kill† (Exodus 20:13 KJV). He explains that war, at times, is needed to restrict evil and is not only a divine right but also a responsibility of a nation/government. Wagner quotes Romans 13:1-4 as his reference point for this. â€Å"1Everyone must submit to governing authorities. For all authority comes from God, and those in positions of authority haveRead MoreThe Trauma of Killing Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesPost-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2000), a precursor to PTSD is the experience of an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others. Grossman (2009) argues that an additional factor, the emotional and spiritual response to killing another human being, also takes a tremendous toll on the mental health of returning soldiers. Forty-eight to sixty–five percent of soldiers returning from Operation EnduringRead MoreSSD2 Module 1 Notes31223 Words   |  125 Pagescause exceptionally grave damage to the nation s national security. Secret You will apply a SECRET classification to an SOP in which the unauthorized disclosure of its contents could reasonably be expected to cause serious damage to national security. Top Secret You will apply a TOP SECRET classification to an SOP in which the unauthorized disclosure of its contents could reasonably be expected to cause exceptionally grave damage to the nation s national security. Secret You will apply a SECRET

Breast Cancer Cancer And Cancer - 1921 Words

Introduction Cancer is a term that every individual on this planet wants to avoid hearing when they go to their yearly check up at the doctors. However, as person ages, they are prone to develop some sort of sickness and most of the time, they could develop cancer of some sort. For this research paper, I am going to go over breast cancer. Breast cancer is a well-known type of cancer with awareness events going on to support both women and men who has breast cancer. According to American Cancer Society, breast cancer is developed when there is a malignant tumor that grows within the cell of the breast, in which it spreads into other tissues or areas of the body (2014). It is important to understand the causation, types, and treatments for breast cancer as it can happen to anyone, man or woman. Before moving onto further breaking down breast cancer, knowing about the normal physiology and anatomy is essential. Normal physiology and anatomy of the breast When the term breast is mention, most individuals will say â€Å"women† but men also have breasts. They are just not developed fully as women. According to Marieb and Hoehn (2016), the breast is actually a layer of skin covering the mammary glands, which is the essential part in containing other smaller components. From the layer of breast, there is the nipple that is covered by a pigmented skin called the areola, which is responsible for produces sebum that reduces cracking of the nipple’s skin. Moving further into the breastShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (B reast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1346 Words   |  6 Pagesinternational symbol for breast cancer support and awareness. Breast cancer knows neither racial boundaries nor age restrictions. Females of all ages and ethnicities can develop breast cancer and it is the leading most common cancer among women. Calling attention to this often fatal disease is important by supporting its victims, families and friends of victims, as well as raising funds for breast cancer research. Though males are not immune from developing a breast cancer, for the purposes of thisRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pagesacknowledge the health beings of a women is quite scary knowing that in about 1 in 8 women in the U.S will develop breast cancer. By this year of 2016 going into 20 17 there will approximately be 246,660 cases found. The 20th century is described to be the cancer century. One main cancer I wanted to talk about that has my full attention was breast cancer. The important ways of looking at breast cancer as a tremendous problem is because we are losing our women to this disease. Categorizing the main issues toRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer946 Words   |  4 PagesSkylar Steinman Period 6 Ms. Jobsz 12 February , 2016 Breast Cancer It is commonly known that Breast Cancer is one of the most insidious diseases that mankind has had to deal with. With the discovery of the BRCA1( BReast Cancer gene one) and BRCA2 (BReast Cancer gene two) genes, breast cancer can be detected with a great amount of certainty on a genetic level in some women and men. 40,000 women and men die of breast cancer each year. Knowing this it is very important to try to detect the mutationRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer981 Words   |  4 PagesThe Grand Rounds Research Project: Breast Cancer To hear you have breast cancer can be a very shocking thing. â€Å"Besides skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed among women in America as of 2015† (breastcancer,2015). First step is to know what you are dealing with when your doctor believes you have cancer, you will want to know what cancer is and how your doctor can detect it. Next your doctor will go over different stages of breast cancer that will help come to a conclusionRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1530 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Cancer† is the name for a group of diseases that start in the body at the cellular level. Even though there are many different kinds of cancer, they all begin with abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These abnormal cells lump together to form a mass of tissue or â€Å"malignant tumor†. Malignant means that it can spread to other parts of the body or Metastasize . If the breast is the origin al location of the cancer growth or malignant tumor, the tumorRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages Internationally, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer related death amongst women. (CITE) Each year an estimated 1.7 million new cases are diagnosed worldwide, and more than 500,000 women will die of the disease. (CITE) According to (CITE), somewhere in the world one woman is diagnosed with breast cancer every 19 seconds and more than three women die of breast cancer every five minutes worldwide. (CITE) Breast cancer is a heterogeneous condition thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1714 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer The twentieth century has often been called and known as the cancer century. The reason being is that throughout the century, there have been more than a hundred types of cancer discovered across the world. In addition to the discovery of these many cancers, there has been an enormous medical effort to fight all kinds of cancer across the world. In the early decades of the century, cancer was considered to be a fatal disease, resulting in a high number of deaths. Although manyRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1372 Words   |  6 PagesBreast Cancer Disease Overview Breast cancer is a disease in which certain cells in the breast become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. Breast cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. (Only skin cancer is more common.) About one in eight women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer in her lifetime. Researchers estimate that more than 230,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer will be diagnosed in U.S. women in 2015. Cancers occur when aRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer912 Words   |  4 Pagesinvasive breast cancer in their lifetime. In 2016, a projected 246,660 new cases of invasive breast cancer are estimated to be detected, along with an additional 61,000 new cases of non-invasive breast cancer. There are greater than 2.8 million women with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the United States, including women presently being treated and women who have completed treatment. Research developments over the past twenty years have ultimately alter ed the prognosis of breast cancer care. In

Preparation of Cyclohexanol Free Essays

Introduction: Cyclohexanol is mainly used in the production of caprolactam and adipic acid that is a raw material of nylon 6 (Zhang, et al, 2002). Cyclohexanol can be produce through several methods, which include the oxidation of cyclohexane, the hydration of cyclohexene, or the hydrogenation of phenol (Zhang, et al, 2002). Problem with oxidation of cyclohexene is poor selectivity, extremely large recycles and explosion hazards. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparation of Cyclohexanol or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Suresh, Sridhar, Potter, 1988). The purpose of this experiment was to synthesis cyclohexanol by hydration of cyclohexene using concentrated sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst. In hydration reaction, C=C B bond is replaced by hydroxyl group (Hornback, 2006). Overall reaction: (McFadden, 2012) In the first step, the mixture of water, concentrated sulphuric acid, and cyclohexene was shaken vigorously until it became a homogenous solution. Followed by, the addition of water, and the distillation process lead to the hydrolysis of the alkene. Finally, addition of diethyl ether to the mixture then distillation took place to be purified and to obtain the final product, cyclohexanol (McFadden, 2012). Diethyl ether was used to extract alcohol from salt-water mixture because diethyl ethers solubility in water is lower than cyclohexanol which helps remove alcohol from the salt-water mixture (Merzougui, A, et al. , 2011). (McFadden, 2012) Cyclohexene is added to water-acid solution, which formed two liquid phases were due to insolubility of cyclohexene in water-acid solution. It is very important that mixture is mixed well to make a homogeneous solution and allow reaction to complete. Cyclohexene was reacted with water and with sulfuric acid to form protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate. Protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate are soluble in water-acid solution (McFadden, 2012). When this mixture is heated, cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate converts to protonated cyclohexanol which is equilibrium with cyclohexanol (McFadden, 2012). Moreover, distillation technique is used to separate components of a liquid mixture, where liquid is boiled to vaporize and then condensed back into liquid called distillate. Distillate components are collected with a lowest-boiling point to highest-boiling point. In this experiment, distillation is used to separate the organic compound from sulphuric acid solution; azeotrope of cyclohexanol and water is formed as distillate, it also contains some cyclohexene components. Azeotrope has a fix boiling point like a pure compound. Cyclohexanol is considerably soluble in water, so poor yield is expected (McFadden, 2012). Addition of sodium chloride to distillate solution improves the final product yield because it reduces the solubility of organic compound, and extracts cyclohexanol from aqueous phase. It is due to salt’s higher solubility than organic compound. Also, anhydrous potassium carbonate is used to absorb water and to neutralize any trace of acid. During distillation of pure cyclohexanol, most of the product should be collected as temperature reaches 161? C (Weast, 1988). This experiment also introduces determination of the refractive index; it is one of the most convenient methods used to determine purity of liquid. It is a ratio of the sine of the angle formed when light ray is bent when passing from an air medium into a liquid medium; in other words it is a ratios of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the liquid medium. Refrective index (n) = C_vaccume/V_medium (McFadden, 2012). At 20Â °C, the expected refractive index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4641 (Weast, 1988). Procedure: The experiment was done in two parts. Part-A was hydration of the alkene, and Part-B was isolation and purification of the cyclohexanol. To perform hydration of alkene, 7. 0mL of water and then 14mL of concentrated sulphuric acid were added to a 125mL Erlenmeyer flask. After that, flask was placed in ice-bath until it was cold to touch. 16. 4g of cyclohexene was added to weighed 250mL round-bottom flask. In the same round-bottom flask, the chilled water-acid mixture was added. In order to mix the solution, the flask was vigorously shaken for 20 minutes. While shaking, regularly stopper was released to prevent any build-up of vapour pressure. After flask was vented and allowed it to stand without disturbing for about 5 minutes. Because two distinct layers appeared, continued shaking for extra 10 minutes until solution was homogeneous. Next, an additional 120mL of distilled water were added in homogeneous solution with addition of 3 boiling chips. The same round-bottom flask was then set onto a distillation apparatus, and started distillation. Distillate was collected into an 125mL Erlenmeyer flask, and boiling point range of azeotrope was noted. Subsequently, 25g NaCl was dissolved to the distillate, but not all salt was dissolved. After that, flask was covered with parafilm (McFadden, 2012). In the next lab, distillate mixture was transferred to a separatory funnel. Distillation receiver flask was washed by 20mL diethyl ether, that diethyl ether was then transferred into the separatory funnel. Mixture was allowed to delayer for 3 minutes. Afterwards, bottom aqueous layer was drained into a aqueous waste beaker; and top ether layer was transferred in an another 50mL Erlenmeyer flask which contained 3g of anhydrous potassium carbonate, swirled and allowed the mixture to stand for 15 minutes. Next, no potassium carbonate but only liquid mixture was transferred to round-bottom flask for the distillation. Diethyl ether and cyclohexene were distilled and collected into a flask until it reached 120Â °C, and later discarded in an organic waste. As temperature reached 120Â °C, a clean, dry and pre-weighed flask was replaced to collect final product, cyclohexanol. As soon as flask was replaced, cold water was turned-off and hot water was turned on. Continued to distil until there was no liquid in the distillation flask, and boiling chips started to change colour. Small amount of residue was kept in distillation flask to prevent it from breaking. Finally, cyclohexanol was weighted and from small sample the refractive index was determined (McFadden, 2012). Result: Amount of cyclohexene used = 16. 40g = 16. 40g of C_6 H_10? 1/(82. 143 g/mol)=0. 9965=0. 1997mol of C_6 H_10 Limiting reagent is: Cyclohexene Bp range of azeotrope mixture: 85-95. 4Â °C Literature bp range of azeotrope mixture: 97. 8Â °C; edition: 53rd; page: D-16 Bp range of diethyl ether: 34. 6-41. 6Â °C Literature bp range of diethyl ether: 34. 51Â °C; edition: 53rd; page: Bp range of cyclohexene: 82. 8-90Â °C Literature bp range of cyclohexene: 82-98Â °C; edition: 53rd; page: C-259 Bp range of pure cyclohexanol: 157-161. 0Â °C Literature bp range of cyclohexanol: 161. 1Â °C; edition: 53rd; page: C-257 Weight of pure cyclohexanol = 7. 1g Percent yield = (actual yield (g))/(theoretical yield (g))? 00%=7. 1g/20. 00g? 100%=35. 5% Theoretical yield= (0. 1997mol of C_6 H_10)/? (1 mol of C_6 H_12 O)/(1 mol of C_6 H_10 )? (100. 158 g)/(1 mol of C_6 H_12 O)=20. 00g Refrective index of pure cyclohexanol: raw 1. 4643 at 21. 2Â °C Corrected 1. 4658 at 20Â °C Correcting refractive index: n_D^20=n_D^21+[0. 00045Â °C^(-1)? (21. 2-20Â °C)] =n_D^21+[0. 00045Â °C^(-1)? (1. 2Â °C) =1. 4643+[0. 00054] =1. 46484=1. 4648 Refractive Percent yield error: ((1. 4648-1. 4641))/1. 4641? 100%=0. 05% Literature refrective index of cyclohexanol: 1. 4641 at 20Â °C Edition of CRC: 53rd; page: C-257 Dis cussion: Before reaching a concrete conclusion, it is very important to interpret the result that was obtained in this experiment. In this experiment, cyclohexene was hydrated to produce cyclohexanol; because the direct hydration of cyclohexene is very slow, concentrated sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst is used to speed up the reaction (McFadden, 2012). When cyclohexene was reacted with water and concentrated sulphuric acid, dark homogenous solution was formed from colourless heterogeneous mixture. The reaction was cyclohexene ? protonated cyclohexanol + cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate. Both of hese products were soluble in water-acid solution, therefore reaction could go to completion (McFadden, 2012). Moreover, azeotrope of cyclohexanol and water was a positive azeotrope which means boiling point of azeotrope was less than the boiling point of cyclohexanol and water. Moreover, distillation process can prevent side reactions and by removing the products it shifts equilibrium on right hand si de to increase percent yield; however, it is not enough to improve percent yield. Cyclohexanol is soluble in water; so addition of NaCl forces cyclohexanol to leave aqueous phase into organic phase. By reducing its solubility in water, NaCl molecules were holding water molecules. It is due to NaCl’s stronger attraction to water than cyclohexanol; solubility of NaCl in water is 360g/L, and solubility of cyclohexanol in water is 36. 0g/L (Weast, 1988). It is a great way to separate azeotrope into different components. However, enough salt is necessary to make solution saturated to separate all cyclohexanol from aqueous solution; for example, 45. 72g of NaCl is needed to make solution saturated in 127mL of water. Required salt can be calculated by multiplying solubility of salt in water with given volume. In part B, there was cyclohexanol found in the condenser because temperature of water running in the condenser was low compare to melting point of cyclohexanol, which is 24Â °C; so some of the cyclohexanol was stuck on the inner-surface of the condenser. Cold-water was turned off, and hot-water turned on when cyclohexanol was collecting during distillation process to remove the cyclohexanol from the surface of condenser and used in the final product. The result shows that the percent yield is 35. 5%. As expected percent yield is low because the strong acidic conditions and solubility of cyclohexanol in water (Hornback, 2006). Observed reflective index is very close to literature value of reflective index of cyclohexanol, which tells that product is pure but there is still some impurities. The result is also due to inefficient experiment procedures. This experiment required precise measurements of data in order to obtain accurate results. But, there are many possible sources of experimental error when performing this experiment. Firstly, if water-acid solution was not cooled enough to add cyclohexene, then some of the cyclohexene have evaporated. Cyclohexene is a limiting reagent meaning it will affect the overall weight of cyclohexanol by reducing the amount. Secondly, not using properly clean and dried equipments may affect on reactants’ activities, such as a flask, beaker, graduated cylinders. Thirdly, solution was not homogeneous; in other words, failing to mix properly for the reaction to go to completion. It was hard to judge due to very dark colour of the solution. If reaction was not fully reacted means not all cyclohexene were reacted to form protonated cyclohexanol and cyclohexyl hydrogen sulfate. Fourthly, some potassium carbonate may have entered in distillation flask which resulted in reverse reaction causing to lose more cyclohexanol. Fifthly, a small amount of product might be lost when transferring from one container to another. Sixthly, some cyclohexanol was left in round-bottom flask in order to prevent the round-bottom flask from breaking due to over-drying or over-heating. There are a few methods that would improve the accuracy of the experiments, if considered and followed with care. While recording the volume from the graduated cylinder the goal is to look for at the curve on the top of a standing body of liquid. Before experiment takes place make sure to clean all equipments that are going to be used throughout experiment to avoid any beside reactions in the experiment that may affect the final result. When transferring from one flask to other, sometimes filter paper would be a better solution to prevent unwanted product from entering into a reaction flask, and to prevent any reverse reaction to occur, such as potassium carbonate. Conclusion: In this paper, distillation process for the indirect hydration of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol using sulphuric acid as an acidic catalyst is demonstrated. In the hydration process, double bond of cyclohexene is replaced by the hydroxyl group to form alcohol. Obtain reflective index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4648, and the literature value of reflective index of cyclohexanol is 1. 4641at 20Â °C; which shows that final product was very pure. The result also showed that the percent yield is only 35. 5%, it is due to the strongly acidic conditions and solubility of cyclohexanol. How to cite Preparation of Cyclohexanol, Papers

Complimentary Medicinal System-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Disucuss about the Complimentary Medicinal System arrangement with typical Primary Care Services in Sri Lankan and Australia. Answer: Introduction The emerging trend of shift in nature and course of diseases and an aging population have contributed to the need of therapeutic approaches that can provide comprehensive form of treatment. Complementary medicine refers to the group of diagnostic and therapeutic disciplines that when applied in adjunct with conventional medicines promotes patient wellbeign and health[1]. A rich pool of research indicates that the western medicine arena does not rely on this form of therapeutics. It can be highlighted that complementary medicines, such as aromatherapy and meditation, encompasse a diverse range of systems and practices of heathcare that have not been embraced by the mainstream western medicine for numerous reasons embedded in social, cultural and economic systems. Based on this fact it can be stated that successful and adequate complimentary medicinal system in health service delivery still remains challenging[2]. The complimentary medicinal system arrangement in health service delivery in Sri Lanka and Australia are distinct from each other and set a suitable background for undertaking a comparison between the two. Below are the statistics of the two countries that set the plartform for a comparison between the two[3]. Sri Lanka Australia Area 65,610 square kilometers 7,692,024 square kilometers Population 21,203,000 as per 2016 estimate 23,401,892 as per 2016 estimate Life expectancy 77.9 years at birth 79.5 years at birth Literacy rate 92.5% 99% GDP Total $ 278.415 billion as per 2017 estimate Total $1.39 trillion aas per 2017 estimate Income group Upper Middle Income High income country Human development index 0.757 in 2014 0.939 in 2015 The present paper is a comparative analysis of the complimentary medicinal system arrangement with typical primary care services in Sri Lanka and Australia. The paper has a brief section on the analytical framework that would be undertaken for the analysis. The next section would have a comparison between the types of services provided in complimentary medicine by these two countries. The subsequent part of the paper would highlight the differences in complimentary medicine integration with primary care services in these two countries. Reasons for inter-country similarities and differences would be discussed with the help of relevant contextual ideas. Recommendations for both countries would be provided thereafter with a key focus on changes in economic models and policy reforms for better care service delivery. A logical conclusion of the complete paper would bring an end to the paper. Description of analytical framework The comparison of the types of services in complementary medicine and of the complementary medicinal integration with primary care services in the two countries Sri Lanka and Australia is to be done based on a strong foundation. In this regard it would be beneficial to follow a framework that would guide the analysis in a flawless manner[4]. For comparing the types of services delivered in complimentary medicine, a comparison of the costs, policies, quality of service delivery and outcomes would be analysed. For comparing the integration of the complimentary medicinal arrangement into primary care services, it would be advisable to analyse the acceptability, equity and impact on access to healthcare services. Key insights on these particular aspects would be drawn after reviewing the host of rich literature and presented in a tabular manner. Comparison of types of services in complimentary medicine between two countries in table form Sri Lanka Australia Costs The health sector of the country has contributed to a considerable extent to the economic development of the country. The country is placed at an advanced position that many other countries have not been able to acquire. The healthcare sector has gained achievements that have been financed through the combination of out-of-pocket payments and general taxation. The different sources of healthcare funding include five main methods of funding. These are general taxation to the municipality, counry or state; social health insurance; private or voluntary health insurance; out of pocket payments and donations to charities. The noteworthy factor is that the heath care system of the country consists of both public and private care services; however the government plays the major role in acting as the main healthcare provider. Though the care system has free services at many ends, it deviates from the quality of care required[5]. Private health insurance ancillary cover complementary therapies. In the year 2005, 61% of patients received ancillary coverage. The majority of the public health care services are provided by the government which is funded by the combination of different payment systems of the government. States and territories also contribute form their fiscal resources[6] Policy As per the National Essential Medicines list of the country, categories of medicines are divided into essential and complementary levels. The national DRA has updated the national EML which has a list of core essential and complementary drugs. The popularity of complementary medicines hve led to the promulgation of the Indigenous Medicine Ordinance in the year 1941. Off late, the Department of Ayush had been established within the Ministry of Health by the ayurveda Act 31 in 1961. Further, the Ayrvedic Physicians Professional Conduct Rules set in 1971 have been prominent. In 1980, initiatives were taken for seting up the Ministry of Indigeous Medicine that was responsible of overseeing traditional medical hospitals providing care at affordable costs. In 1994 the Cabinet Ministry for Indigenous Medicine was set. In 1970 the Homeopathy Act recognised homeopathy as an effective medicine system. Subsequently, the homeopathic council was set[7]. The potential of complementary medicine to combat a wide range of national economic and health priorities has been reinforced by the leading focus being placed by Government n prevention, intervention and self-care. All of these align with the complementary medicine approach. The increasing use of complementary medicines by the common population has made policy makrs bring reforms in how this mode of treatment is included in practice. Recently, the Federal Department of Health and Aging (DOHA) have reviewed on the Australian Government Rebate on Private Health Insurance for Natural Therapies. Further, the Australias National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) have taken up initiatives to assist health consumers in making decisions around healthcare by considering complimentary medicines[8]. Seven of the countrys territories grant allopathic physicians the monopoly on medical acre by restricting the practice of medicine by persons who are not qualified. The country has a long history of initiatives taken by proponents of complimentary medicines. The Medical Act of 1894 prohibits individuals other than allopathic practitioners from practising medicine. In 1974, the Australian Parliament set up the Committee of Inquiry into different forms of complementary medicines. In 1998 there was the establishment of the Therapeutic Goods Administration for providing the national framework for regulation of therapeutic goods in the country. The Complementary Medicines Evaluation Committee acknowledges two types of proof to agree to claims on therapeutic goods: scientific evidence and traditional use[9]. Quality of services delivered Healthcare for the people is delivered in an organised manner through private and public sector that includes practising within the western system of medicine as well as traditional system of medicine[10]. As per the census, around 8600 professionals were working as complementary health therapists in the year 2006. This was actually about 80% higher than the number of professionals employed in the year 1996. The leading professionals are chiropractors, naturopaths and osteopaths. The health complications mainly addressed by this medicine are arthritis, asthma, cancer, injuries, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, digestive disease, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis, mental health and behavioural problems[11]. Outcomes of services Research indicates that the use of compelementary medicines have been more in treatment of conditions such as cancer. religious practices have gained more pirminence as a result of such practices. Patients consider referring to complementary therapy professionals soon after facing complications after being treated by western medicinal systems. Patients receiving services from this group of services are mainly older than the common patient population. however, the highest proportion of patient population for such services are mainly between the age 25 and 64 years. One of the concerns that prevail is that patients might undergo risky treatments from the mainstream health system. Comparison of complementary medicine integration with primary care services in table form Sri Lanka Australia Acceptability There remains an ambiguity and abscence of clarity regarding the coordinated responses given by the public. The response is not coordinated, hindering tthe better understanding its applicability. There is much to be knwon of the details of complimentary medicine use, the characteristics of the users and motivations that act as a driving for using complementary medicines. Research has indicated that motivational factors are strong in this country for using this form of medicines[12]. In the last one decade the NSW ministry for Science and Medical research have commissioned reviews of the complementary medicine research and gained a better understanding of the sectoral opportunities. Coming to population data, there is a lower level of acceptance of complementary medicine among older people. Older patients have dissimilar priorities for treatment as compared to the younger population since their health is worse on an average while the income is significantly lower[13]. pull and push factors have been highlighted that act as driving factors for complimentary medicine. Patient interaction with conventionl health system have at times highlighted unsatisfactory results from conventional therapy. Patients who have embraced the form of medicine perceive it as a holistic tool for health care. In addition, they perceive the medicine to be an aid for preventive therapy[14]. The therapeutic value as an adjunctive therapy has also been highlighted by this population. there i s also an aligment with the personal belief system the focuses on the medicine approach as being safe[15]. Equity 60-70% of the rural population have been found to depend on natural or complementary medicine for their primary health care[16]. Research indicates that female patients use compelimtneray medicines more than men. Futrther, female users are more likely to fall into the category of being middleaged. They also have higer annual income and higher education level. The Caucasian population have more tendency to use complementary medicines. In certain, the urge to refer to manual therapies such as consultations with a massage therapist or chiropractor are more common amongst rural populations[17] Impact on access to healthcare services The Sri Lanka population has shown more intrest in using herbal dietary supplementation as a fom of complimentary medicines. Some professionals under complimentary medicines as well as products are regulated by the eminent government bodies. However, at levels beyond that, most provisions for complimentary medicines are unregulated and informal. These are not integrated into the conventional healthcare frameworks. Since the use of complimentary medicine is growing in Sri Lanka, policy makers must respond adequately and in a meaningful manner to this component of healthcare system[18] . An issue related to integration of complimentary therapy is the use of minerals and vitamins and natural and herbal medicines. Population of the rural areas have more likelihood of using complimentary medicines. However, access to suitable care services remain a key issue for this population. healthcare practitioners have been showing interest to use complementary medicines as part of their traditional system[19]. Description of complimentary medicinal system arranegment in two countries Australia is now found to be well placed for undertaking further research on complementary medicine and become a leader in evidence-based complementary medicine treatment, services and products on an international basis. Nationally, an estimated $2.3 billion was spent in the year 2000 by Australians on complementary medicine (CM) products and therapists. Australia has been found to hold a strong reputation for fostering mainstream health and medical research that also considers a well-respected approach to complementary medicines. Complementary therapies have become increasingly popular in the last few decades. There was an initial congruence with the enthusiasm for having an alternate lifestyle. The status of this form of medicine has been re-visited in different areas, such as legal regulation, inclusion in medical education, stances of physicians association and scientific research[20]. A number of universities in the country have been teaching courses on complimentary medicines t hat include the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, the University of Technology in Sydney, and the Victoria University of Technology. The main subjects include Chinese medicine, naturopathy and acupuncture[21]. Sri Lanka is still lagging behind in using complimentary medicines on a substantial basis across the communities. The involvement in managing, providing and organising this form of services is to be made mindful of the use of complimentary medicine. The translation of theory into practice is far from accurate in this country. The concerned authority has restricted the use of this valuable medicinal form in adjunct to conventional treatment options. A large section of the population is waiting for the wider practice of complimentary medicine that is based on research shreds of evidence pointing out the safety, effectiveness and coordination of complimentary medicines. Traditional medicines are considered as an integral part of the healthcare delivery system in Sri Lanka[22]. The most common form of complementary medicine practised in this country is Ayurveda. In light of the inclusion of this subject in the educational domain, it is to be noted that less number of universities are eng aging in providing qualifications through training and courses. One of the prominent university in this field is the Institute of Indigenous Medicine at the University of Colombo. There is a consistent and rich pool of literature that highlight that Sri Lanka does not optimally utilise the potential therapists and products of the field of complementary medicine[23]. The focus given by the government is to be made more sharper for including the wider contexts of complementary medicines into primary health care[24]. The country lacks research and a strong evidence base that can act as the driving force behind implementation of the therapies and procedures in accordance with safety and efficacy guidelines. However, it is to be noted that there remains a significant amount of interest from the publics end in understanding how best can complimentary medicines be used for addressing the wide range of disease[25]. Reasons for inter-country similarities and differences The reasons for similarities and differences between Sri Lanka and Australia in context of integrating complementary medicines in primary healthcare can be attributed to a number of factors hailing from cultural, historical, demographic and financial arrangements. Australia has a prime location as compared to Sri Lanka. Since it is located in the Asia-Pacific region and has the available expertise, the likelihood of having advanced infrastructure is more in Australia as compared to Sri Lanka. Australia also as an attractive environment for undertaking different clinical trials that act as a stepping stone to the European and US markets. The strength of research infrastructure needs special mention which is not present in case of Sri Lanka. The economic base of Australia is capable of supporting the sector growth for complimentary medicines. Development of appropriate metrices provides is witnessed in Australia that provides a suitable picture of value, capacity activity revolving around complimentary medicines. Sri Lanka shows more keenness to use complimentary medicines on a larger scale and integrate the same into primary healthcare services. The historical background of Sri Lanka is rich when it comes to use of traditional medicines.The cou ntry has a unique and praiseworthy history with regards to the complimentary medicine practice[26]. The different forms of indigenous medicines in Sri Lanka include Siddha, Ayurveda and Unani, all of which are not cultivated in other parts of the globe, including Australia. All these systems are widely practised in Sri Lanka. However, in spite of the wide practice and availability over time, the domain of traditional medical stream has been known to keep away complimentary medicine. This has thereby hindered the chances of useful research that augment interventions. Complementary medicines are known to be a form of diagnosis, treatment and prevention tool that complements the mainstream treatment approach through contribution to a satisfying and whole conceptual framework of medicine. These are also to be perceived as holistic medicines that address a number of health complications such as diabetes, drug addiction, and cancer. Some examples of noteworthy complimentary medicines include acupuncture, aromatherapy, naturopathy, reiki and herbal medicines. The underlying principle is that the body is able to heal itself when the healthy state is maintained and that the whole person is to be treated instead of the disease[27]. Integration of complementary medicines in primary healthcare services would be highly appreciable for diversifying the approaches used for treating patients with multifactoral and multidimensional health complications. It is worth mentioning that the medicinal and clinical world is facing an undeniable crisis at the present tim es. Reforms in healthcare can only be brought about when unconventional approaches are put at the forefront of scientific discussions[28]. Further, integrating complementary medicines would eliminate dissatisfaction with conventional medical approaches. Prescription medicines have been known to lead to dissatisfaction due to limited success rates. This can also be addressed with complimentary medicines. Moreover, complementary medicines would be appealing when applied to primary healthcare services since the root cause of the health problems can be addressed adequately[29]. At this juncture, it would be advisable to highlight the concerns emerging in relation to integrating complementary medicines in the primary healthcare system. Firstly, most of the complementary treatment options are still lacking strong standards and dose specifications. The consistency in quality is also far from being accurate. Scientific validation of the treatment options is not in a position to satisfy the criteria for being flawless. Therefore the integration of this form of medicine into the traditional care system would involve the understanding of need gaps in existing form[30]. Recommendation At the core of the recommendations for Sri Lanka and Australia lies the concept that the present scenario in the two countries regarding integration of complementary medicines into primary health system is complementary to each other. While the acceptability of complementary medicine is more in Sri Lanka, there is much to be done to provide support to such services. The country must learn from Australia the approaches that are to be taken for developing this sector of medicine. Sri Lanka must consider enough funding for carrying out research in this arena. Strong and rigorous research only would ensure that complementary research is integrated into mainstream medicine system. Funding is also required from other non-government sources that can contribute to much growth. A collaborative approach is needed among the different stakeholders for ensuring that research is directed in the proper direction[31] . Both Sri Lanka and Australia have much to attain in terms of integrating complimentary medicine in primary healthcare services. It is recommended that public information and awareness level can only enhance the use of complimentary medicine on a larger scale. Easy and accessible information would serve as the guide for healthcare consumers to consider using complimentary medicines. The government must come forward to educate the public on the importance, value and potential of this form of medicine. Easy-to-access information can be disseminated through mass media as well. For facilitating the use of complimentary medicine, healthcare professionals must also come forward and join hand with public initiatives. Since care professionals play a key role in educating the public, they are to be trained and given formal instructions to impart education on complimentary medicine. Advice is given to the governments of the two countries to include institutional level education on complimentary medicines. Universities should start teaching courses on this subject so that a large pool of professionals is created who can cater the diverse needs of the increasing patient population. Structures and processes of education at the university and research level need to be considered for revision if better outcomes are to be achieved in this regard[32] . Conclusion Scientific and empirical research has time and again pointed out the benefits of integrating complementary medicine into primary healthcare services. The literature supports the benefits and advantages of such form of medicine including manual therapies, herbal medicine, acupuncture for treating mild and chronic disease alike. The effectiveness of such medicines and approaches have been demonstrated through laboratory experiments as well as clinical trials. From a comparative analysis of Sri Lanka and Australia, it has been highlighted that though both the countries have shown an intention to integrate complementary medicine, Australis has shown more achievements in this field in comparison to Sri Lanka. The cultural and social context of using complementary medicine is more predominant in Sri Lanka; however, the country has not been successful in taking this forward in the contemporary era. In contrast, Australia has set up a strong base to carry out research on this domain and set an effective market base. Research of international reputation is been carried out in this country that Sri Lanka needs to learn from. The financial system of Australia has a major contribution in this achievement. In light of understanding the utility of complementary medicine, it is recommended that both the countries would benefit much in future if they exploit the potential complementary medicines have. Parallel to research there is a need of disseminating the valuable findings of the research to the public at large. Benefits of using complementary medicine and concerned risk are to be accordingly shared with the wider population. Funding is crucial in this regard. It is hoped that with the advent of modern research tools and initiatives taken by the government, both the countries would be in a tough competition with each other for making a mark on the global scale by successfully integrating complementary medicine into primary healthcare services. References Posadzki P, Watson LK, Alotaibi A, Ernst E. Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients/consumers in the UK: systematic review of surveys. Clinical Medicine. 2013 Apr 1;13(2):126-31. Belletti G, Shorofi SA, Arbon P, Dal Molin A. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Italian Validation of a Questionnaire on Nurses' Personal and Professional Use, Knowledge, and Attitudes. 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